82:(A)
previous:36
Perianth corolloid.
next:83
82:(B)
Perianth differentiated into a calyx and a corolla.
next:136
83:(A)
previous:82
Ovary superior or nearly so.
next:84
83:(B)
Ovary inferior or hemi-inferior.
next:104
84:(A)
previous:83
Ovary 1, rarely ovaries 3, connate at base, perianth-segments then 6. (Liliaceae)
next:85
84:(B)
Ovaries 3-more, free, when 3 perianth-segments 1-3.
next:102
85:(A)
previous:84
Perianth-segments 6 or 8, rarely less, subequal when 4.
next:86
85:(B)
Perianth-segments 4, very unequal. Flowers in simple or bracteate spikes. Stamen 1. Ovary 1- or 3-locular. Ovules numerous. Stigma 1, punctiform or capitate. Endosperm fleshy.
86:(A)
previous:85
Leaves only very rarely terminated by tendrils, then ovules numerous per locule and stigma undivided or with 3 short branches, stipular tendrils sometimes present.
next:87
86:(B)
Plants climbing with tendrils terminating the leaves. Flowers in panicles, actinomorphic. Anthers dehiscing apically. Ovary 3-locular. Ovule 1 per locule, laterally attached. Stigma 1. Styles 3, elongated. Fruit a drupe. Endosperm mealy. Embryo small. (Flagellaria)
87:(A)
previous:86
Anthers dehiscing with 1 slit or pore. Aquatics or plants of marshes. Inflorescences spatheate.
next:88
87:(B)
Anthers usually dehiscing with 2 longitudinal slits, if with 1 slit or pore, then plants not aquatic or from marshes and either ericoid undershrubs or ovules atropous or hemitropous.
next:89
88:(A)
previous:87
Flowers in capitules subsessile at the base of the leaves, actinomorphic. Anthers with a terminal pore. Ovary 3-locular. Ovule 1 per locule, erect, basal. Embryo minute, broad. Fruit a capsule. (Maschalocephalus)
88:(B)
Flowers in racemes, usually zygomorphic. Anthers introrse. Ovary either 3-locular with numerous, axillary ovules, or 1-locular with 1 apical, pendulous ovule. Embryo relatively large, linear. Perianth tubular at base. Style 1. Stigma 1.
89:(A)
previous:87
Style 1, stigmas 3, usually twisted.
next:90
89:(B)
Style 1 and stigmas 1, or 2, or 3, then usually short and not spirally twisted, or styles 3-5, free or connate at base only.
next:91
90:(A)
previous:89
Leaves with distinct, usually tubular sheaths, 2- or 3-stichous. Inflorescence cymose with leaf- or scale-like bracts. Plants grass- or rush-like, terrestrial. Perianth dry. Stamens 6 or less, the outer persistent; anthers basifix. Ovules 3-more per locule. Stigmas filiform.
90:(B)
Leaves broadly sheathing, usually in a spiral, rarely distichous. Inflorescence racemose, bracts large, usually coloured. Habit different, terrestrial or epiphytic. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Ovules many per locule.
91:(A)
previous:89
Ovules usually anatropous, when atropous either stem woody and ovules pendulous, or ovary 1-locular and tepals 4. Embryo surrounded by the fleshy to cartilaginous endosperm, or basal and partly free.
next:92
91:(B)
Ovules usually atropous. Embryo apical, not surrounded by the mealy endosperm. Stem herbaceous, leafy, nodose. Flowers 3-merous, usually in cincinni and blue. Filaments usually hairy. Ovary 3-locular. Ovules ascending, usually few per locule.
92:(A)
previous:91
Tepals 6. Funicle glabrous.
next:93
92:(B)
Sepals 4. Funicle hairy. Erect or climbing herbs. Leaves reticulately nerved. Ovary 1-locular. Ovules several, basal, atropous.
93:(A)
previous:92
Stamens 6 or more, rarely less, but then either staminodes present, or flowers not in racemes nor in panicles and not woolly, more or less actinomorphic.
next:94
93:(B)
Stamens 1-3, staminodes sometimes present and flowers in racemes or in panicles, stamens sometimes 6, then flowers more or less zygomorphic, woolly.
94:(A)
previous:93
Inflorescence with 1-several spathas, terminal on a leafless, unbranched peduncle, usually umbelloid, rarely a spadix-like spike, or 1-flowered. Ovules 2-more per locule.
next:95
94:(B)
Inflorescence without spathas, often with scale- or leaf-like bracts, rarely umbelloid.
next:96
95:(A)
previous:94
Leaves not distichous. Flowers in umbels, rarely in a spadix-like spike (Milula) Anthers dorsifix, introrse, usually 6, rarely 2, 3, or 13. Stigma simple or 3-lobed. Introduced in Australia (Alliaceae)
Alliaceae
95:(B)
Leaves distichous. Flowers solitary. Anthers basifix, extrorse, 3. Stigmas 3, thick, recurved. Tasmania. (Isophysis)
96:(A)
previous:94
Leaves well developed, or with leaf-like phylloclades. Flowers not involucrate, bracteate capitules, if so plants woody and/or ovules 2-more per locule.
next:97
96:(B)
Plants rush-like, leaves reduced to the sheaths. Flowers 1-3 in an involucrate, bracteate capitule. Anthers basifix. Ovule 1 per locule. Mediterranean. (Aphyllanthaceae)
Aphyllanthaceae
97:(A)
previous:96
Phylloclades usually absent, when present flowers axillary and filaments free.
next:98
97:(B)
Phylloclades leaf-like. Flowers small, in terminal racemes or on the phylloclades. Filaments connate into a tube; anthers sessile, ex- extrorse. Fruit a berry. (Ruscaceae)
Ruscaceae
98:(A)
previous:97
Leaves not very thick and fleshy and fibrous. Flowers solitary or in moderately sized inflorescences.
next:99
98:(B)
Leaves very thick, fleshy and fibrous. Flowers in large to enormous spikes, racemes, or panicles, rarely in moderately sized ones, then ovule 1 per locule and fruit a berry (Sansevieria) (Agavaceae)
Agavaceae
99:(A)
previous:98
Evergreen undershrubs. Flowers solitary. Tepals 6. Anthers 6, erect, basifix. Ovary 1-locular and ovules 3, basal, erect, or 3-locular and ovule 1 per locule. S-, W-Australia. (Calectasiaceae)
Calectasiaceae
99:(B)
Plants otherwise.
next:100
100:(A)
previous:99
Shrubs or undershrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves reticulately veined. Inflorescences usually several-flowered. Fruit a berry.
next:101
100:(B)
Plants otherwise again, back to.
next:75
101:(A)
previous:100
Plants usually climbing with or without stipular tendrils. Flowers usually dioecious, in umbels, rarely bisexual and in racemes or in panicles (Ripogonum) Anthers basifix. Styles 3-5, free, or connate at base. (Smilacaceae)
Smilacaceae
101:(B)
Tendrils absent. Flowers bisexual, usually in cymes, rarely solitary. Anthers dorsifix. Style 1, filiform; stigma small. (Philesiaceae)
Philesiaceae
102:(A)
previous:84
Autotrophic aquatics or plants from marshes. Leaves green, radical. Ovaries 3-6. Ovules 2-many per ovary.
next:103
102:(B)
Non-green saprophytes. Leaves scale-like, cauline, alternate. Ovaries numerous. Ovule 1 per ovary.
103:(A)
previous:102
Leaves petiolate. Flowers in 1 -several spikes. Tepals 2, rarely 1 or 3. Ovaries 3. Aquatics, leaves submerged or floating.
103:(B)
Leaves non-petiolate. Flowers in umbels. Tepals and ovaries 6. Plants from marshes. Leaves erect, linear, distichous. (Butomus)
104:(A)
previous:83
Fertile stamens 1-3.
next:105
104:(B)
Fertile stamens 4-more.
next:115
105:(A)
previous:104
Fertile stamens 1 or 2, very rarely 3 and then, as usual, partly adnate with the style. Flowers usually zygomorphic.
next:106
105:(B)
Fertile stamens 3, very rarely 2, but always free from the style. Flowers usually actinomorphic.
next:110
106:(A)
previous:105
Leaves pinninerved, petiolate. Flowers asymmetric, rarely zygomorphic, then leaves ligulate. Staminode(s) petaloid. Ovules and seeds not minute. Endosperm present.
next:107
106:(B)
Leaves parallel-nerved, usually sessile, non-ligulate. Flowers zygomorphic, rarely nearly actinomorphic. Staminodes absent, rarely minute. Ovules and seeds minute. Endosperm absent.
next:109
107:(A)
previous:106
Leaves non-ligulate. Flowers asymmetric. Outer tepals usually free. Anther with 1 fertile and 1 petaloid theca.
next:108
107:(B)
Leaves ligulate. Flowers zygomorphic. Outer tepals connate. Anther with 2 fertile thecae, connective enlarged.
108:(A)
previous:107
previous:153
Petiole callose below the blade. Ovule 1 per locule, basal. Embryo curved.
108:(B)
Petiole not callose below the blade. Ovules many per locule, axillary. Embryo straight.
109:(A)
previous:106
Flowers usually distinctly zygomorphic. Fertile stamens usually 1, adnate to the stylar column, rarely 2 and (sub-)sessile on this column (Cypripedieae) Pollen grains coherent into clusters, or connate into pollinia, exceptionally free. Ovary usually 1-locular with parietal placentation, rarely 3-locular with axillary placentation, then flowers very zygomorphic (Cypripedieae)
109:(B)
Flowers nearly actinomorphic, the dorsal, inner tepal slightly concave. Fertile stamens 2 or 3, connate, partly free from the style. Pollen grains free, finely granular. Ovary 3-locular with axillary placentation. (Apostasiaceae)
Apostasiaceae
110:(A)
previous:105
Stamens opposite to the outer perianth-segments.
next:111
110:(B)
Stamens opposite to the inner perianth-segments. Anthers introrse or latrorse, or with a terminal pore or short slit.
next:112
111:(A)
previous:110
Autotrophous herbs with green, often distichous leaves. Style branches 3, rarely 2 (Diplarrhena), often petaloid.
111:(B)
Saprophytic non-green herbs with alternate, scale-like leaves. Style 3-lobed. Stigmas flattened. Rhizome thin. Flowers bluish, ca. 1 cm long. Madagascar.
112:(A)
previous:110
Anthers with an apical pore or longitudinal slit. Style simple. Ovules usually not very numerous. Plants autotrophous with well-developed leaves.
next:113
112:(B)
Anthers with transverse, latrorse slits, rarely with longitudinal, introrse ones (Oxygyne), then, as usual, plants saprophytic. Style 3-fid. Ovules very numerous. Leaves usually scale-like, radical when Well developed. Filaments very short. (Burmannieae)
113:(A)
previous:112
Staminodes absent. Anthers introrse with longitudinal slits. Perianth persistent in fruit.
next:114
113:(B)
Staminodes 3. Anthers with apical pores or short slits. Perianth deciduous. Ovary 3-locular. Ovules numerous. (Tecophilaea, Tecophilaeaceae)
Tecophilaeaceae
114:(A)
previous:113
Ovules numerous per locule, only 1 locule fertile in fruit. Placenta not peltate. (Pauridia)
114:(B)
Ovules 1-6 per locule, all locules fertile. Placenta peltate.
115:(A)
previous:104
Fertile stamens 5, staminode 0 or 1. Inflorescence with large, coloured bracts. Large, rhizomatous to tree-like plants. Leaves pinninerved, often tearing between the nerves. Ovary 3-locular.
next:116
115:(B)
Fertile stamens 6 -more, rarely 4. Flowers usually actinomorphic.
next:118
116:(A)
previous:115
Leaves distichous. Flowers bisexual. Fruit dehiscent.
next:117
116:(B)
Leaves alternate. Flowers usually unisexual, monoecious. Fruit leathery, indehiscent, or a pulpy berry. Five tepals connate, 1 free. Ovules numerous per locule, axillary. Aril absent.
117:(A)
previous:116
Five tepals connate into a boat-shaped structure, 1 free. Ovule 1 per locule, basal. Fruit dehiscing into 3 cocci. Aril absent. (Heliconiaceae)
Heliconiaceae
117:(B)
Tepals free, or the inner 2 oblique, forming a large, sagitate structure , the third short, boat-shaped. Ovules numerous per locule, axillary. Fruit a woody, loculicid capsule. Aril present, fimbriate. (Strelitziaceae)
Strelitziaceae
118:(A)
previous:115
Ovary 1-locular, sometimes incompletely so.
next:119
118:(B)
Ovary 3-locular.
next:127
119:(A)
previous:118
Terrestrials. Flowers nearly always bisexual. Placentas 1-3. Endosperm present, in minute seeds inconspicuous.
next:120
119:(B)
Aquatics. Flowers nearly always unisexual, spatheate. Placentas usually 6-more. Endosperm absent.
120:(A)
previous:119
Saprophytic, non-green plants. Leaves scale-like. Flowers solitary, or in bracteate, cymose racemes, or in capitules. Style simple. Stigmas 3, short.
next:121
120:(B)
Autotrophic plants. Leaves well developed. Style simple or 3-winged, stigma capitate to 3-fid, or styles 3.
next:122
121:(A)
previous:120
Flowers actinomorphic. Stamens adnate to the perianth. Anthers introrse. (Thismiaceae)
Thismiaceae
121:(B)
Flowers zygomorphic. Stamens free. Anthers extrorse.
122:(A)
previous:120
Flowers in a spatheate capitule or umbel, sometimes solitary. Stigma 3-fid to -lobed, sometimes inconspicuously so.
next:123
122:(B)
Flowers in a spike, or in a raceme, without spathas, sometimes with bracts. Stigma 1, capitate, or 3, filiform.
next:125
123:(A)
previous:122
Leaves rarely reticulately veined, then flowers white. Flowers never blackish. Style more or less terete.
next:124
123:(B)
Leaves reticulately veined. Flowers blackish. Style with 3, sometimes deeply incised wings. Ovules numerous.
124:(A)
previous:123
Leaves radical. Flowers in an umbel, with a corona. Ovules 2-few. (Calostemma, Hymenocallis)
124:(B)
Leaves cauline. Flowers solitary or sub-capitate, corona absent. Ovules numerous. (Leontochir, Schickendantzia: Alstroemeriaceae)
Alstroemeriaceae
125:(A)
previous:122
Acaulescent, hairy herbs, or a few cauline leaves present, plants not climbing. Inflorescences axillary. Anthers introrse.
next:126
125:(B)
Thorny, scandent shrubs with tendrils. Cymes leaf-opposed. Anthers extrorse. Leaves cauline. Stigma 1, capitate. Ovules numerous. Fruit a berry. (Petermanniaceae, also included in Smilacaceae)
Petermanniaceae Smilacaceae
126:(A)
previous:125
Leaves plicate. Capitules basal on a naked peduncle. Stigmas 3, filiform. Ovules numerous. Fruit a berry. (Curculigo)
126:(B)
Leaves not plicate. Stem with a few leaves. Inflorescence a panicle of cincinni. Stigma 1, capitate. Ovules 3 or 6. Fruit dry, dehiscent (?) (Phlebocarya, Lanaria, the latter also in Liliaceae or Tecophilaeaceae)
Tecophilaeaceae
127:(A)
previous:118
Locules with several-many ovules, rarely 1 or 2, but then anthers dehiscing with longitudinal slits, and/or ovary inferior.
next:128
127:(B)
Locules with 2 ascending ovules. Leaves broad, main nerves curved, lateral nerves numerous. Flowers in racemes or in panicles. Tepals nearly completely free. Anthers longer than the filaments, dehiscing apically. Ovary hemi-inferior, 3-lobed. Stigma lobed. Ovules anatropous. Seed 1 per fruit. Embryo lateral to the endosperm. (Cyanastrum, Tecophilaeaceae or Cyanastraceae)
Tecophilaeaceae Cyanastraceae
128:(A)
previous:127
Ovary inferior, rarely hemi-inferior, then ovules many per locule, or flowers neither in spikes nor in racemes, or style and stigma simple. Embryo usually surrounded by the endosperm.
next:129
128:(B)
Ovary hemi-inferior. Embryo lateral to the endosperm. Flowers in spikes or in racemes. Perianth persistent in fruit. Filaments short. Style 3-fid, or simple with a 3-lobed stigma. Ovules 2-several per locule. (Aletris, Ophiopogon, Peliosanthes)
129:(A)
previous:128
Plants woody, at least at base, then densely covered by a coat of fibres or roots. Leaves radical or in terminal tufts.
next:130
129:(B)
Stem without such a cover, herbaceous, sometimes with a woody rhizome.
next:131
130:(A)
previous:129
Stem densely covered by a coat of fibres or roots. Flowers solitary. Placentas laminar, ca peltate.
130:(B)
Stem without a coat. Inflorescences large to enormous. Placentas not laminar, nor peltate. (Agavaceae)
Agavaceae
131:(A)
previous:129
Leaves solitary at the end of each branch with a fascicle of flowers at its base. Roots wiry. Tepals persistent in fruit. Ovules 2 per locule, serial, pendulous, apotropous. Fruit a winged berry. (Trichopodaceae)
Trichopodaceae
131:(B)
Leaves several, usually radical. Inflorescences different.
next:132
132:(A)
previous:131
Inflorescence an umbel or an irregular raceme, rarely 1-flowered, provided with more or less membraneous spathas, when 1-flowered, occasionally with 1 leaf-like spatha.
next:133
132:(B)
Inflorescence a raceme, or a panicle, or a capitule, rarely 1-flowered, without spathas, with or without scale- or leaf-like bracts.
next:134
133:(A)
previous:132
Bulbs absent, roots swollen. Leaves cauline, often twisted at base. (Alstroemeria, Bomarea: Alstroemeriaceae)
Alstroemeriaceae
133:(B)
Bulbs present. Leaves radical, not twisted at base.
134:(A)
previous:132
Placentas thickly laminar to peltate. Fruit a longitudinally dehiscent capsule.
next:135
134:(B)
Placentas not thickly laminar, nor peltate. Fruit dehiscing by a circular suture, or by short, vertical, subapical slits. Leaves plicate or conspicuously nerved. Flowers small, white or yellow.
135:(A)
previous:134
Plants glabrous. Inflorescence a lax raceme, or 1-flowered. Perianth deciduous. Anthers with an apical pore, rarely with longitudinal slits. (Tecophilaeaceae)
Tecophilaeaceae
135:(B)
Plants pubescent, hairs often branched. Inflorescence compound with cincinnate branches. Perianth persistent in fruit. Anthers with longitudinal slits.