17:(A)
previous:A
previous:16
Perianth absent or indistinct, then limited to small scales or hairs, sometimes replaced by tepaloid appendages of the connective, plants then aquatic.
next:18
17:(B)
Perianth well-developed in at least the flowers of one sex, then sepaloid, petaloid, or differentiated into a calyx and a corolla.
next:36
18:(A)
previous:17
Flowers, at least the female ones, in simple, rarely compound spadices, which are usually surrounded by a sheath; bracts and bracteoles absent. Ovary 1.
next:19
18:(B)
Flowers not in spadices.
next:24
19:(A)
previous:18
Terrestrial, rarely fresh-water plants.
next:20
19:(B)
Submerged, marine plants. Spadix flattened, consisting of 2 rows of pairs of 1 stamen and 1 ovary. Anthers extrorse. Pollen filiform. Ovule 1. Endosperm absent. (Zosteraceae)
Zosteraceae
20:(A)
previous:19
Flowers bisexual or monoecious, if dioecious leaves dissected. Embryo usually large.
next:21
20:(B)
Flowers dioecious. Leaves undivided. Woody plants. Leaves parallel-nerved, usually tristichous, narrow, margin spiny. Male inflorescences usually compound. Ovule 1, laterally inserted, or more. Embryo small.
21:(A)
previous:20
Inflorescence simple. Flowers not enclosed by empty bracts. Ovules 1 -many, free.
next:22
21:(B)
Flowers enclosed by empty bracts. Ovule 1, completely adnate with the ovary. Flowers bisexual or monoecious, then male inflorescence compound. (Coicineae, Zeeae)
22:(A)
previous:21
Flowers hypogynous, sometimes immersed in the axis, or with numerous hairs at base, bisexual or monoecious, then with the male flowers in the upper part, the female ones in the lower part of the spadix.
next:23
22:(B)
Flowers perigynous, rarely epigynous, monoecious, male and female flowers alternating in groups or layers in the same spadix.
23:(A)
previous:22
Leaves distichous, sessile, linear, undivided, entire, parallel-nerved. Male and female inflorescence separated at least initially by a bract. Testa dry. Herbs from marshes or aquatics. Perianth usually substituted by hairs. Anthers with longitudinal slits. Fruit dry.
23:(B)
Leaves in a spiral, usually petiolate, blades sometimes reticulately nerved, sometimes divided. Male part of the inflorescence when separate from the female part never subtended by a bract; bracts and bracteoles absent. Testa fleshy.
24:(A)
previous:18
Plant differentiated into stems and leaves.
next:25
24:(B)
Plant not differentiated into stem and leaves. Aquatics, plants consisting of leaf- or grain-like, floating or submerged fronds. Flowers in depressions of the frond, in groups of 1 pistil (female 'flower') and 1 or 2 stamens (male 'flowers')
25:(A)
previous:24
Ovary 1 and plants submerged marines, or 2-6, collateral, sessile at least at anthesis and plants aquatics.
next:26
25:(B)
Ovary 1, rarely 2-more, then stipitate, usually serial. Terrestrials, or fresh-water aquatics.
next:30
26:(A)
previous:25
Flowers paired or in spikes, bisexual or polygamous. Stamens 2-numerous.
next:27
26:(B)
Flowers solitary or in cymes, monoecious or dioecious. Stamen 1. Marine aquatics. Style 1, filiform. Stigmas 1-3. (Cymodoceaceae sometimes included in Potamogetonaceae)
Cymodoceaceae
27:(A)
previous:26
Plants of fresh- or brackish-water. Ovaries 3-6.
next:28
27:(B)
Marine plants. Ovary 1. Spikes compound with leaf-like bracts. Stamens 3. (Posidoniaceae)
Posidoniaceae
28:(A)
previous:27
Flowers several to numerous in simple or compound spikes. Stamens 4-numerous. Fruits subsessile.
next:29
28:(B)
Flowers paired. Stamens 2. Fruits finally long-stalked. (Ruppiaceae)
29:(A)
previous:28
Stamens 4, each subtended by a tepal or tepaloid appendage. Ovaries 4. Ovule 1 per ovary, pendulous. Fruits indehiscent.
29:(B)
Stamens 6-many, inappendiculate, but 1-3 tepals may be present. Ovaries 3 - 6. Ovules 2 - many per ovary, erect. Fruits dehiscent.
30:(A)
previous:25
Bracteoles or empty glumes usually present. Filaments well-developed.
next:31
30:(B)
Bracteoles absent. Anther 1, subsessile. Marsh plant. Flowers axillary and in terminal spikes, monoecious, rarely bisexual. Ovary 1. Ovule 1, erect. Style short in the flowers of the spike, very elongated in the basal axillary ones. Endosperm absent. Mountains of Pacific America. (Lilaeaceae)
31:(A)
previous:30
Flowers solitary, or in simple or compound spikes, or in capitules. Ovules pendulous, 1 per locule or carpel. Fruit a capsule, very rarely indehiscent (?)
next:32
31:(B)
Flowers surrounded by membraneous to stiff glumes in variously compound spikelets or pseudo-spikelets, rarely simple, sometimes reduced to 1 flower with some empty glumes. Fruit a caryops, rarely dehiscent. Ovules erect to ascending or completely adnate with the carpel. Anthers usually 2-locular.
next:35
32:(A)
previous:31
Terrestrial plants, rarely aquatic, then flowers in capitules. Endosperm present.
next:33
32:(B)
Submerged aquatics. Flowers sessile, axillary. Endosperm absent.1 Ovary (sub)-sessile.
33:(A)
previous:32
Flowers in capitules, or ovaries several (?) Anthers 2-locular.
next:34
33:(B)
Flowers solitary, or in spikelets, or in cymes. Ovary 1. Anthers 1-locular. Stamens 1 or 2. Ovary 1-locular. Ovule anatropous.
34:(A)
previous:33
Terrestrials, rarely aquatics, inflorescences then not submerged. Anthers versatile. Ovary one, 2- or 3-locular. Ovule atropous. (Eriocaulon)
34:(B)
Completely submerged aquatics. Anthers adnate. Ovaries (female flowers ?) 1-several, 1-locular. Ovule anatropous. W. Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. (Hydatellaceae)
Hydatellaceae
35:(A)
previous:31
Stem usually triangular, solid, without nodes. Leaves at least initially with closed sheaths, ligules often absent. Anthers basifix. Ovule and seed free from the ovary- or fruit-wall, basally attached. Embryo at least partly surrounded by the endsperm.
35:(B)
Stem usually terete, hollow, nodose. Leaves with deeply lid sheaths, ligules exceptionally absent, sometimes replaced by a row of hairs. Anthers usually dorsifix. Ovule and seed adnate with the basal lateral side of the ovary- or fruit-wall. Embryo basal, outside the endosperm. (incl. Anomochloaceae, Bambusaceae, Streptochaetaceae)
36:(A)
previous:17
Perianth calycoid, sometimes slightly coloured, rarely absent in the flowers of one sex.
next:37
36:(B)
Perianth corolloid, or differentiated into a calyx and a corolla.
next:82
37:(A)
previous:36
Leaves not both folded in bud and becoming divided later, if so perianth-segments 4 or indistinct and ovules many per carpel.
next:38
37:(B)
Leaves folded in bud, usually becoming pinnately or digitately compound or 2-partite. Perianth-segments usually distinct, then 6 and at least present in flowers of one sex. Ovule 1 per carpel. Woody plants. Flowers in spatheate spikes, spadices, or panicles. (incl. Nypaceae)
38:(A)
previous:37
Flowers in spadices with 1 -several sheaths. Fruit indehiscent, or irregularly so, usually fleshy.
next:39
38:(B)
Flowers not in spadices.
next:41
39:(A)
previous:38
Flowers bisexual, monoecious, but then the male ones in the upper part of the spadix and the female ones in the lower. Spadix usually with 1 sheath. Leaves not plicate.
next:40
39:(B)
Flowers 0, the male and female ones alternatingly in groups or layers. Spadix with several sheaths. Leaves 2-partite or flabelliformily partite and/or plicate.
40:(A)
previous:39
Perianth undivided or 4-8-partite. Ovary 1. Fruit a berry, rarely dry and/or irregularity dehiscent.
40:(B)
Tepals 2. Ovaries 3, free. Fruit a follicle.
41:(A)
previous:38
Ovaries inferior or hemi-inferior.
next:42
41:(B)
Ovaries completely superior or nearly so, rarely naked.
next:43
42:(A)
previous:41
Terrestrial plants, or epiphytes. Flowers not spatheate. Perianth segments 4-6.
next:77
42:(B)
Aquatics. Flowers spatheate. Perianth 3-partite. Flowers solitary or cymosely capitate. Ovary 1-locular. Ovules numerous.
43:(A)
previous:41
Ovary 1, 1-locular.
next:44
43:(B)
Ovary 1, 2-more-locular, or ovaries 2-more, more or less free.
next:52
44:(A)
previous:43
Ovule 1. Herbs with narrow leaves.
next:45
44:(B)
Ovules 2 -more.
next:48
45:(A)
previous:44
Flowers solitary, or in pairs, or in fascicles. Endosperm absent.
next:46
45:(B)
Flowers in spikes, or in capitules, or in panicles. Endosperm present. Stamens 2-more. Ovule pendulous or descending.
next:47
46:(A)
previous:45
Male flower with a 2-labiatae perianth, the female without any, usually surrounded by a sheath. Stamen 1, anther 1- or 4-locular. Stigmas 2-4. Ovule erect, basal, anatropous.
46:(B)
Male flower with a cupular perianth or without any, or with one of a few scales, always present in the female flower. Stamens 1-3, sometimes connate, anthers 1- or 2-locular. Ovule apical, pendulous, atropous.
47:(A)
previous:45
Leaves strap-shaped, basal. Flowers in globose capitules, monoecious. Perianth membranous. Stamens 3-more. Ovule anatropous. Fruits more or less drupaceous.
47:(B)
Leaves small, scale-like, basal and cauline. Flowers in simple spikes, or in panicles, or in spikelets, usually dioecious. Perianth usually scarious. Stamens 2 or 3. Ovule atropous. Fruit a capsule or a nut.
48:(A)
previous:44
Leaves petiolate. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 4. Stigmas 2, sessile. Seeds with a pubescent funicle. Flowers solitary or in cymes.
next:49
48:(B)
Leaves sessile. Perianth-segments 6. Stamens 3 or 6. Stigma 1 or 3 on a simple style. Funicle glabrous.
next:50
49:(A)
previous:48
Perianth-segments rounded. Ovules apical, more or less anatropous. (Croomiaceae)
49:(B)
Perianth-segments acute to acuminate Ovules basal, atropous.
50:(A)
previous:48
Stem herbaceous. Leaves not both stiff and serrate. Flowers not in capitules with leaf-like bracts.
next:51
50:(B)
Stem woody. Leaves stiff, serrate. Flowers in terminal capitules with leaf-like bracts. Ovules 2 or 3, basal, erect. Fruit indehiscent. Seed 1. S.W. Australia. (Dasypogon)
51:(A)
previous:50
Stigma 1, simple or 3-lobed, not filiform, nor twisted.
51:(B)
Stigmas or styles 3, filiform, twisted.
52:(A)
previous:43
Ovule 1 per locule or free carpel.
next:53
52:(B)
Ovules 2-more per locule or free carpel.
next:55
53:(A)
previous:52
Stamens 1-8(-15) Ovary syncarpous, or free carpels 2-9, rarely numerous, then plants herbaceous, stamens 9, from African marshes.
next:54
53:(B)
Stamens and free carpels numerous. Trees. E. Malesia. (Sararanga)
54:(A)
previous:53
Inflorescences various, if a capitule or a glomerules carpels free. Ovary 2-6-locular, or carpels free, 2-9. Ovules various, if anatropous erect or laterally inserted and ovaries 3-6-locular.
next:58
54:(B)
Flowers in capitules without an involucre. Ovary 2-locular. Ovules pendulous, anatropous.
55:(A)
previous:52
Ovaries 3-6, free, or connate at base only.
next:56
55:(B)
Ovary 1, 3-locular.
next:72
56:(A)
previous:55
Autotrophic plants of bogs or aquatics. Leaves well-developed.
next:57
56:(B)
Saprophytes of tropical forests. Leaves scale-like. (Petrosaviaceae)
57:(A)
previous:56
Herbs of bogs. Flowers in racemes. Tepals 6.
57:(B)
Aquatics. Flowers in simple or branched spikes. Tepals 1-3.
58:(A)
previous:54
Ovules pendulous, atropous or hemitropous.
next:59
58:(B)
Ovules erect or lateral, anatropous.
next:68
59:(A)
previous:58
Flowers solitary, paired or in fascicles, axillary. Ovaries free. Usually marine aquatics with cauline leaves.
59:(B)
Inflorescences otherwise. Ovary 2-4-locular.
next:60
60:(A)
previous:59
Flowers not in capitules, usually bisexual or dioecious.
next:61
60:(B)
Flowers in capitules, usually monoecious. Perianth present. Stamens 1-4, or 6, free. (Eriocaulon, Lachnocaulon)
61:(A)
previous:60
Flowers in umbels, or in spikes, or in panicles. Stamens 4-6(-15)
next:62
61:(B)
Flowers in spikelets, arranged into various inflorescences. Stamens 2 or 3.
next:66
62:(A)
previous:61
Herbs. Leaves parallel-nerved, exceptionally with apical tendrils. Fruit a drupe, or dehiscent into mericarps.
next:63
62:(B)
Woody climbers, often with stipular tendrils. Leaves 3-9-plinerved, reticulately veined, petiolate. Fruit a berry. (Smilacaceae)
Smilacaceae
63:(A)
previous:62
Flowers in bracteate panicles. Stamens 6. Fruit a drupe.
next:64
63:(B)
Flowers in simple spikes. Stamens 4-6. Fruit dry, very spongy, ultimately dehiscent into mericarps. (Maundia)
64:(A)
previous:63
Erect herbs, without tendrils.
next:65
64:(B)
Climbers, often woody at base. Leaves with apical tendrils. Leaves petiolate, not plicate. Flowers bisexual. Styles 3. (Flagellaria)
65:(A)
previous:64
Leaves sessile or very shortly petioled, plicate in bud. Flowers bisexual. Styles (2 or) 3. (Joinvilleaceae)
Joinvilleaceae
65:(B)
Leaves petiolate, not plicate. Flowers dioecious. Stigma sessile, 3-lobed. (Hanguanaceae)
Hanguanaceae
66:(A)
previous:61
Anthers 2-locular. Filaments free.
next:67
66:(B)
Anthers 1- or 2-locular, then (Lyginia) filaments connate at least at base.
67:(A)
previous:66
Radical leaves present, ensiform. Spikelets in spikes or in panicles. Styles 3. Ovary 3-locular. (Anarthriaceae)
Anarthriaceae
67:(B)
Radical leaves absent, cauline ones not ensiform, reduced to scales. Spikelets solitary. Styles 2. Ovary 2-locular. (Ecdeiocoleaceae)
Ecdeiocoleaceae
68:(A)
previous:58
Anthers extrorse. Carpels 3-many, free at least in fruit. Endosperm absent. Herbs. Leaves ligulate. Flowers sessile, or in spikes, or in racemes, or in panicles.
next:69
68:(B)
Anthers introrse or latrorse. Ovary one, 3-locular. Endosperm present.
next:70
69:(A)
previous:68
Tepals 6. Stamens 4 or 6. Carpels 4 or 6. Embryo straight. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Stigma sessile.
69:(B)
Tepals either 3 and then stamens 9 and carpels many (Burnatia), or 6 and then stamens 3 (Wiesneria) Embryo curved.
70:(A)
previous:68
Leaves stiff, leathery, serrate or entire. Tepals scarious or bract like.
next:71
70:(B)
Leaves herbaceous, usually entire. Tepals not scarious, nor bract like.
71:(A)
previous:70
Stem triquetrous, herbaceous. Styles 3, filiform. Exo- and endotesta with a cavity in between. Endosperm mealy. N.E. S. America.
71:(B)
Stem terete, usually woody. Style and stigma 1. Testa without such a cavity. Endosperm cartilaginous. New Guinea to New Zealand.
72:(A)
previous:55
Style 1. Stigma 1 or 3, rarely styles 3, then not filiform, nor twisted. Endosperm cartilaginous.
next:73
72:(B)
Styles or stigmas 3, filiform, usually twisted. Endosperm mealy. Anthers basifix.
next:76
73:(A)
previous:72
Plants herbaceous, if woody erect, leaves long-linear, parallel-nerved, flowers in large spiciform panicles and fruit a capsule.
next:74
73:(B)
Woody plants, usually climbing and with stipular tendrils. Leaves elliptic to hastate, 3 - 9-pli-nerved, reticulately veined. Flowers small, in umbels, or in racemes, or in panicles. Fruit a berry. (Smilacaceae)
Smilacaceae
74:(A)
previous:73
Stem herbaceous. Leaves not leathery and long-linear, usually en tire. Flowers not in large, contracted, spiciform panicles.
next:75
74:(B)
Stem usually woody. Leaves stiff, leathery, long-linear, entire to serrate. Flowers small, numerous, in large, contracted, spiciform panicles. Australia. (Xanthorrhoea)
75:(A)
previous:74
previous:100
Leaves in a single pair or in a whorl, reticulately veined. Tepals (4-)6-10(-16), the inner ones sometimes filiform to strap-shaped ('staminodes', actually 'petals') (Trilliaceae)
Trilliaceae
75:(B)
Leaves and flowers different.
76:(A)
previous:72
Stigmas not twisted. Seeds fusiform with subulate ends. Exo- and endotesta with a cavity in between. Flowers terminal on a naked, radical peduncle in dense capitules with leaf-like bracts. Lowland tropics of N.E. S. America.
76:(B)
Stigmas usually twisted. Seeds sometimes fusiform, but ends not subulate. Testa without such a cavity. Flowers usually in variously compound inflorescences, rarely in involucrate capitules, or solitary. Plants of temperate zones and altitudes.
77:(A)
previous:42
Flowers actinomorphic. Fertile stamens 3 - 6.
next:78
77:(B)
Flowers zygomorphic, usually bisexual. Fertile stamens 1 or 2. Ovules numerous.
78:(A)
previous:77
Leaves parallel-nerved or scale-like. Ovary either 1, with 1 style and a simple to 3-lobed stigma, or ovaries 3, connate at base only.
next:79
78:(B)
Leaves reticulately nerved. Ovary 1. Stigmas 2 or 3. Leaves petiolate, usually broad.
next:80
79:(A)
previous:78
Saprophytes. Leaves scale-like. Ovaries 3, connate at base only. (Petrosaviaceae)
79:(B)
Autotrophic plants. Leaves well-developed, parallel-nerved. Ovary 1; style 1. (Aletroideae, Ophiopogonoideae)
80:(A)
previous:78
Climbers. Flowers 3-merous. Ovary 3-locular and ovules axillary, rarely 1-locular and ovules parietal (Rajania)
next:81
80:(B)
Stem erect. Flowers 4-merous. Ovary 1-locular, ovules apical. Flowers bisexual. Anthers inappendiculate. (Croomiaceae:Stichoneuron)
81:(A)
previous:80
Flowers unisexual. Connective not apically appendiculate. Ovules 2 per locule.
81:(B)
Flowers bisexual. Connective apically appendiculate. Ovules many per locule. (Stenomeridaceae)